Chapter 13: The Field & The Knower · Verse 7

इच्छा द्वेषः सुखं दुःखं सङ्घातश्चेतना धृतिः |

एतत्क्षेत्रं समासेन सविकारमुदाहृतम् ॥७॥

icchā dveṣaḥ sukhaṃ duḥkhaṃ saṅghātaścetanā dhṛtiḥ |

etatkṣetraṃ samāsena savikāramudāhṛtam ||7||

Desire, aversion, pleasure, pain, the aggregate body, consciousness (as reflected in the body), and fortitude — this field, along with its modifications, has been briefly described. These psychological and experiential aspects complete the picture of the material field.

desire aversion modifications psychology witness-consciousness

Synthesis

Desire, aversion, pleasure, pain, the body aggregate, consciousness, and steadfastness are further modifications of the field. Shankara identifies these as psychological components that must be recognized as 'not-Self' for liberation. Ramanuja treats them as real attributes of the embodied experience that the soul undergoes. The Bhakti tradition uses this list to show how the field constantly generates forces that either draw toward or away from God. Madhva explains these as real modifications that the soul genuinely experiences through its body-connection — only God's grace can free the soul from their power. Abhinavagupta teaches that desire and aversion are contractions of infinite will, and recognizing them as movements within awareness dissolves their binding force. Vallabha sees even desire and aversion as part of divine play — when directed toward God, they become instruments of grace. Tilak observes that these forces distort action, and the karma yogi must understand them to act with equanimity. Vivekananda emphasizes that awareness of these modifications is the beginning of self-mastery — strength comes from understanding them as waves in the mind, not as one's true nature.

Commentaries 8 traditions

Advaita Vedanta/Adi Shankaracharya

Shankara clarifies that 'chetana' here means reflected consciousness — the sentience that appears in the body due to the presence of the Self — not the Self itself. Even this apparent consciousness is part of the field, a crucial point for discrimination.

Apply This Verse

Personal Growth

Your desires, aversions, pleasures, and pains are not you — they are modifications of the field you inhabit. Observing them without identification is the beginning of true freedom.

Questions this verse answers

  • ?"How do I observe my desires without being controlled by them?"
  • ?"Are my pleasures and pains part of me or just experiences?"
  • ?"How do I develop witness consciousness toward my emotions?"
  • ?"What would it feel like to be free from desire and aversion?"